RESPONSIVE WEB PAGE

Responsive web design (RWD) is an approach to web design aimed at crafting sites to provide an optimal viewing and interaction experience—easy reading and navigation with a minimum of resizing, panning, and scrolling—across a wide range of devices (from desktop computer monitors to mobile phones).
A site designed with RWD adapts the layout to the viewing environment by using fluid, proportion-based grids,flexible images, and CSS3 media queries, an extension of the @media rule, in the following ways:

• The fluid grid concept calls for page element sizing to be in relative units like percentages, rather than absolute units like pixels or points.
• Flexible images are also sized in relative units, so as to prevent them from displaying outside their containing element.
• Media queries allow the page to use different CSS style rules based on characteristics of the device the site is being displayed on, most commonly the width of the browser.

Responsive web design is becoming more important as the amount of mobile traffic now accounts for more than half of total internet traffic. This trend is so prevalent that Google has begun to boost the ratings of sites that are mobile friendly if the search was made from a mobile device. This has the net effect of penalizing sites that are not mobile friendly.

CASCADING STYLE SHEET ( CSS )

A cascading style sheet (CSS) is a Web page derived from multiple sources with a defined order of precedence where the definitions of any style element conflict. The Cascading Style Sheet, level 1 (CSS1) recommendation from the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which is implemented in the latest versions of the Netscape and Microsoft Web browsers, specifies the possible style sheets or statements that may determine how a given element is presented in a Web page.
CSS gives more control over the appearance of a Web page to the page creator than to the browser designer or the viewer. With CSS, the sources of style definition for a given document element are in this order of precedence:

1. The STYLE attribute on an individual element tag
2. The STYLE element that defines a specific style sheet containing style declarations or a LINK element that links to a separate document containing the STYLE element. In a Web page, the STYLE element is placed between the TITLE statement and the BODY statement.
3. An imported style sheet, using the CSS @import notation to automatically import and merge an external style sheet with the current style sheet
4. Style attributes specified by the viewer to the browser
5. The default style sheet assumed by the browser

In general, the Web page creator's style sheet takes precedence, but it's recommended that browsers provide ways for the viewer to override the style attributes in some respects. Since it's likely that different browsers will choose to implement CSS1 somewhat differently, the Web page creator must test the page with different browsers

FRONT END AND BACK END

In software ingeenering, the terms "front end" and "back end" are distinctions which refer to the separation of concerns between a presentation layer and a data access layer respectively.
The front end is an interface between the user and the back end. The front and back ends may be distributed amongst one or more systems.
In software architecture, there may be many layers between the hardware and end user. Each can be spoken of as having a front end and a back end. The front is an abstraction, simplifying the underlying component by providing a user-friendly interface.
In software design, for example, the model view controller architecture provides front and back ends for the database, the user and the data processing components. The separation of software systems into front and back ends simplifies development and separates maintenance. A rule of thumb is that the front (or "client") side is any component manipulated by the user. The server-side (or "back end") code resides on the server . The confusion arises when one must make front-end edits to server-side files. Most HTML designers, for instance, don't need to be on the server when they are developing the HTML; conversely, the server-side engineers are, by definition, never on anything but a server. It takes both to ultimately make a functioning, interactive website.
For major computer subsystems, a graphical file manager is a front end to the computer’s file systems, and a shell interfaces with the operatin systems. The front end faces the user, and the back end launches the programs of the operating system in response.
Using the comman line interface (CLI) requires the acquisition of special terminology and memorization of commands, so a graphical user interface (GUI) acts as a front end desktop environment instead. In the Unix environment, ncurses is a simpler, semi-graphical front end to the CLI. At the level of the Unix CLI itself, most byte stream-oriented (that is, using stdin/stdout/stderr as their interface) programs act as filters—standalone programs that can also serve as front ends and back ends to other programs. (They function by piping data between themselves, mostly for text processing; for example: $ grep word ~user/dir/infile | sort | tee ~user/dir/outfile)
In network computing, front end can refer to any hardware that optimizes or protects network traffic. It is called application front-end hardware because it is placed on the network's outward-facing front end or boundary. Network traffic passes through the front-end hardware before entering the network.
In content management systems, the terms front end and back end may refer to the end-user facing views of the CMS and the administrative views, respectively.
In compilers, the front end translates a computer programming source code into an intermediate representation, and the back end works with the intermediate representation to produce code in a computer output language. The back end usually optimizes to produce code that runs faster. The front-end/back-end distinction can separate the parser section that deals with source code and the back end that generates code and optimizes. Some designs, such as GCC, offer choices between multiple front ends (parsing different source languages) or back ends (generating code for different target processors).
In speech synthesis, the front end refers to the part of the synthesis system that converts the input text into a symbolic phonetic representation, and the back end converts the symbolic phonetic representation into actual sounds.
In the context of WWW applications, a mediator is a service that functions simultaneously as a server on its front end and as a client on its back end.

JENIS-JENIS HUMAN COMPUTER INTERACTION

JENIS-JENIS HCI

a) Antara muka baris arahan ( Command­line Interface / CLI )

Pengguna menyediakan input dengan menaip satu arahan pada papan kekunci komputer dan sistem bertindak dengan memaparkan teks pada monitor computer.

b) Antara muka grafik ( Graphical User Interface )

Antara muka grafik digunakan untuk manipulasi ikon secara terus dengan menggerakkan sesuatu peranti contohnya tetikus untuk melaksanakan tugas tertentu. Sebagai contoh, memindahkan satu fail dari satu folder ke dalam folder yang lain dengan menggunakan tetikus.

c) Antaramuka berpandukan menu ( Menu­driven User Interfaces )

Antaramuka berpandukan menu membenarkan pengguna untuk mencapai arahan melalui

menu.

d) Antaramuka Segera ( Prompt User Interface )

Antaramuka segera mempercepatkan pengguna untuk memasukkan input, meminta maklumat serta pergi ke langkah yang seterusnya. Sebagai contoh, komputer meminta pengguna untuk memasukkan ID pengguna dan kata laluan untuk terus pergi ke

antaramuka yang berikutnya.

e) Antaramuka Melalui Suara ( Voice User Interface / VUI )

Antaramuka melalui suara membenarkan pengguna berinteraksi dengan menggunakan aplikasi bahasa percakapan. Segala rakaman atau ucapan yang telah disintesis dimainkan kepada pengguna semasa dialog.

f) Antaramuka Pelbagai Modal Pengguna ( Multi­modal User Interfaces )

Antaramuka Pelbagai Modal Pengguna merujuk kepada interaksi antara maya dan persekitaran fizikal melalui komunikasi mod semula jadi. Selain itu, kaedah output juga dapat digunakan bagi tujuan ini seperti menggunakan ucapan yang disintesis, grafik bijak dan lain­lain.